Regarding cosmologist Max Tegmark's "
Mathematical Universe Hypothesis (MUH)"
(cf. Is the Universe Actually Made of Math?, interview with me about Level IV in Discover Magazine, 6/16 2008), it seems he has an overly broad conception of what mathematics is.
- Mathematics is the study of discrete or continuous quantity;
- Mathematics is not the study of all relations.
- Semiotic is the general science of relations (signs).
- Physicist and America's greatest philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce said (CP 5.448) that "this universe is perfused with signs, if it is not composed exclusively of signs."
- Boethius's famous definition of mathematics is (De Trinitate q. 5):
"Mathematics does not deal with motion [change] and is not abstract [for this sense of abstract, see Armand Mauer's introduction to his translation of Thomas Aquinas's Division and Methods of the Sciences],
for it investigates forms of bodies apart from matter, and therefore
apart from movement, which forms being connected with matter cannot
really be separated from bodies."
- Thomas Aquinas, in Division and Methods of the Sciences q. 5 a. 3, argues that mathematics treats "without motion [change] and matter, of what exists in matter."
- See also this question's 5th objection, regarding how
"mathematics treats without motion," and his reply to it, where he says
"it does not belong to the mathematician to treat of motion, although
mathematical principles can be applied to motion." He also shows
mathematical physics is an "intermediate science" (scientia media), since it's materially physical and formally mathematical.
- Cf. Peirce's "The Nature of Mathematics," ch. 10 (p. 135) of The Philosophy of Peirce.
- quantity does not comprise the substances of material things;
"substance means those parts which, being present in such
things, limit them and designate them as individuals and as a result of
whose destruction the whole is destroyed; for example, body is destroyed
when surface is, as some say, and surface when line is. And in general
it seems to some that number is of this nature; for [according to them]
if it is destroyed, nothing will exist, and it limits all things."
Thomas Aquinas commentates (Sententia Metaphysicae, lib. 5 l. 10 n. 3 [900-1]):
"He gives a third meaning of substance, which is the one
used by the Platonists and Pythagoreans. He says that all those parts
of the foregoing substances which constitute their limits and designate
them as individuals, according to the opinion of these thinkers, and by
whose destruction the whole is destroyed, are also termed substances.
For example, body is destroyed when surface is, as some say, and surface
when line is. It is also clear that surface is the limit of body and
line the limit of surface. And according to the opinion of the
philosophers just mentioned the line is a part of surface and surface a
part of body. For they held that bodies are composed of surfaces,
surfaces of lines, and lines of points; and thus it would follow that
the point is the substance of the line, the line the substance of
surface, and so on for the rest. And according to this position number
seems to constitute the entire substance of all things, because when
number is destroyed nothing remains in the world; for what is not one is
nothing. And similarly things which are not many are non-existent. And
number is also found to limit all things, because all things are
measured by number.
"But this sense of substance is not a true one. For that which is found
to be common to all things and is something without which they cannot
exist does not necessarily constitute their substance, but it can be
some property flowing from the substance or from a principle of the
substance. These philosophers also fell into error especially regarding
unity and number because they failed to distinguish between the unity
which is interchangeable with being and that which is the principle of
number."
- ∴ everything is not mathematics.
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